ABSTRACT
Background: To date, over 10 million doses of mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2 mRNA and mRNA-1273) have been administered in Singapore. Initial studies have shown that 0.8% of individuals who received Moderna mRNA vaccine developed delayed injection-site reactions. Reactions to the Moderna mRNA vaccine are thought to be benign and not a contraindication to further doses. Injection-site reactions associated with the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine are less clearly defined. We report the characteristics of mRNA COVID-19 injection-site reactions, comparing the clinical features between Moderna (mRNA-1273) and Pfizer-BioNTech (BNT162b2) reactions in the Singaporean adult population. Method(s): We retrospectively reviewed patients referred to the Dermatology Service / Allergy Centre of a tertiary hospital in Singapore for reactions post COVID-19 vaccination between 10 Jan 2021 and 26 Aug 2021. Inclusion criteria were adult patients who developed a localised injection-site reaction after either Moderna or Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. Result(s): 322 patients were referred for post-COVID- 19 vaccine reactions, of which 21 developed injection-site reactions. 11 (52%) had received the Moderna mRNA vaccine while 10 (48%) received the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccine. Patients receiving the Moderna mRNA vaccine had a longer mean latency period (p = 0.047) and were more likely to have a latency duration of > 5 days (p = 0.007). Secondary dissemination of the injection-site reaction was seen in 2 patients. 11 (52%) of these reactions resolved without treatment;while the remaining 10 (48%) required symptomatic treatment with topical corticosteroids, antihistamines, or a combination of both. All 21 patients subsequently received the second vaccine dose, of which 2 (9.5%) developed recurrence of the reaction;both of which were mild and did not require treatment. Conclusion(s): Localised injection-site reactions post Moderna or Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA COVID-19 vaccination are uncommon and appear to be phenotypically different. Such reactions are benign and self-limited. While recurrence of the reaction can arise during repeat vaccine doses, these are mild and self-limited.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of project- based learning of COVID- 19 prevention and protection among pri- mary school students. Methods In February 2020 all the participants were selected from grade one grade three and grade six in a primary school in Hefei and were randomly assigned into the experimental group 532 students and the control group 530 students. Project- based learning methods was administered in health education of COVID- 19 prevention and protection in the ex- perimental group for two weeks with the traditional health education for the control group. Questionnaire survey was conducted be- fore and after experimental. Results After carrying out project- based learning the awareness rate of COVID- 19 protection knowl- edge in the project group was 99.43% while that in the control group was 74.74% after traditional education methods the propor- tion of excellent students was 96.43% in intervention group and 45.11% in control group with significant statistical difference χ2 = 346.62 P<0.01. Conclusion Project- based learning is superior than traditional health education in terms of improvement in self- protection against COVID- 19 among students. © 2022 The authors.
ABSTRACT
In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, the standardized management of relief funds and supplies requires audit departments to conduct the special audit and issue audit reports to the public. However, in the context of emergencies, the special audit for COVID-19 is affected by a variety of complex factors, and it is necessary to further identify the factors that affect the quality of the special audit for COVID-19 and clarify the internal logical relationship. Taking the special audit for COVID-19 as the research object, the influencing factors of the special audit quality were identified and extracted through text coding, and the DEMATEL-ISM method of complex factor analysis was used to explain the attributes of factors, sort out the relationship of factors, and divide the hierarchical structure Combined with the results, the improvement direction of the special audit quality for epidemic prevention and control is discussed. © 2022 ACM.